The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has launched a program to create lightweight power cells that run on nuclear waste, designed to power next-generation drones for up to 30 years. The agency aims to produce a minimally viable prototype by early 2027, leveraging energy from spent nuclear materials to achieve unprecedented endurance for unmanned systems.
If successful, the technology could transform drone operations by eliminating the need for frequent battery swaps or recharging—a critical advantage for long-duration surveillance, deep-strike missions, or persistent intelligence-gathering. The power cells would also reduce logistical burdens, as drones could remain airborne for years without resupply, a key priority for the Pentagon's push toward attritable, networked platforms.
The development comes amid rising competition in drone warfare, where endurance often determines tactical edge. While DARPA has not disclosed whether the batteries are intended for allied or adversary systems, the design appears optimized for higher-altitude, lower-weight platforms that require sustained power. Russia and China have both invested in nuclear-powered drone concepts, but DARPA's approach differs by using waste material rather than fresh radioisotopes.
Budget details remain classified, but DARPA's typical prototyping efforts range from $10 million to $50 million per phase. The program's accelerated timeline—less than 18 months to a working prototype—suggests significant resource backing and urgency. No contract awards or industry partners have been announced publicly.
Critics caution that powering drones with nuclear waste raises handling, shielding, and disposal challenges. Even lightweight cells must prevent radiation leaks during crashes or long-term storage, and public outcry could stall deployment. Additionally, the prototype goal is extremely ambitious; previous attempts to miniaturize nuclear batteries have struggled to balance power density with safety at scale.